Abstract text: Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a sustainable crop with low environmental impact. It requires minimal water and chemical inputs and contributes to soil improvement. Its stem fibers combine sustainability with high mechanical performance, making them a renewable alternative to synthetic materials for textiles and biobased composites. Fiber extraction quality and fiber yield are key technological traits that vary widely among genotypes. These differences are hypothesized to result from variations in stem morphology, anatomy, tissue organization, and cell wall polysaccharides, which together determine tissue cohesion. Understanding how these traits influence fiber technological properties is essential for identifying the factors that determine stem quality. To address this, stems from multiple hemp lines contrasting in fiber extractability and yield are analyzed using a combination of imaging, spectral, and biochemical methods. Stem architecture, morphology, tissue organization, and cell wall composition are examined, and correlation analyses are performed to link these parameters with technological traits. Finally, molecular approaches, including transcriptomics, are conducted on a few lines to identify genes associated with these traits. This integrative approach connects stem structure and composition with technological performance, enabling the identification of key determinants of stem quality and guiding the selection of hemp varieties optimized for fiber-based applications.